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Making sure that buildings are safe from unauthorized entry is essential You should consider installing a door entry system to control both who accesses your buildings, but also when entry or exist happens. Effective and automatic door entry systems provide building control ensuring that only authorized people or products get access to your buildings.youtube.com Access control systems can range from basic code-entry systems through to biometric readers and beyond.youtube.com Security access can be controlled from a single door reader through to a networked system. All types of reader technology can be used which can even covering multiple sites and link together on a single master control computer. A system must be matched to individual needs.
Some things to consider are whether a single card access system or multiple site access facility is needed for a large security system. The chosen system also has to take into account building types, function and size. Whichever system you opt for, fast and easy access is essential to prevent employee frustration. Deterring theft and vandalism and balancing this against installing an entry system is an easy choice. The latest access control systems reduce employee frustration as they allow ease of entry while restricting unwanted visitors. If you are considering either multiple site access or access to a single door you will find a system that suits. Such is the progress of technology that access control systems can even allow door opening at a distance from an authorized mobile phone handset.
Even if you are not on site, you can still let people into your premises remotely from your mobile phone with a call divert feature. The future for security access control is in individual recognition technology. Biometric entry control goes beyond fingerprinting access and uses computerized facial recognition for the tracking of individuals. Biometric systems recognize individuals not only from their fingerprints, but alternative systems are based on iris and voice recognition readers. This allows easy and fast entry for legitimate personnel. New technology is being released all the time, but one that is used in banks and with high value equipment is the use of smart water technology. This puts invisible marks on intruders, making them easily identifiable by the forensic science service.
The idea is to use an electronic pressure transmitter on each pressure tapping (HP and LP) and ensure that one of the transmitters receives the measurement from the other instrument and computes, transmits and displays the measured DP or Level. Here is an excellent article from Rosemont covering the topic in more details. Proper tapping location: For dirty liquids, the designer should avoid tapping locations below the horizontal centre line and near the bottom section of the pipe where derbies/dirts tend to accumulate. Tapping location should be ideally at the horizontal centre line. Consider an intermittent or continuous impulse line purging system which ensures that derbies are kept out the impulse line by continuously or intermittently injecting a clean fluid through the impulse line at a sufficient flow rate.
Selecting transmitters with plugging detection function: Although considered as a passive measure, this function allows pressure transmitters to detect impulse line plugging conditions based on a statistical noise monitoring algorithm. Impulse lines, manifolds and valves are widely used to connect pressure instruments to the process. The connections made (threaded, compression type, flanged type, etc.) can deteriorate due to vibration, temperature change or wear resulting in process leaks. Process fluid leaks result in product/energy loss, measurement errors and can be a serious threat to personnel safety and environment. Limit the number of connections on pressure measurement systems. Strictly follow the manufacturer's instructions and best practices for installing and tightening compression fittings, flanged and threaded joints particularly on systems subject to temperature/pressure cycling.
Trapped gas bubbles is a concern in liquid pressure measurement applications where the impulse lines are supposed to be only filled with liquid. Gas bubbles affect the measurement accuracy as the gas are compressible and prevent liquid pressure to be propagated without significant pressure loss. Trapped liquid in a gas pressure measurement applications are known for creating measurement errors due to the resulting liquid head which is not accounted for in the instrument configuration. Electronic instruments can be permanently damaged by power surges (transients) which are generated by lightening strikes or electrostatic discharges.youtube.com Lightening strikes on steelwork, pipework or even the ground can generate intense electric field which in turn can induce high transient voltages on instruments and instrument cables located nearby. Additionally, friction, wind, sand storms and similar phenomenons can raise the electrostatic potential of the instrument, the adjacent equipment/structure or even the technician working on the instrument!
Electrostatic charge accumulation is particularly favoured by low humidity conditions and when there are no sufficient means to maintain the electrostatic potential at a safe level (through earthing/bonding connections or by use of antistatic materials). Beyond a certain point, electrostatic discharges can occur and damage the instrument permanently if its electronic circuits comes in contact with surfaces which are at a different and excessively high electrostatic potential. Instrument damage due to lightening or electrostatic discharges is usually difficult to identify during operation and should be therefore addressed during instrument design and selection. For lightening strike issue, Isokeraunic charts are usually available to evaluate the frequency of occurrence of lightening strikes in the location where electronic instruments will be installed.
The frequency of occurrence dictates the measures to be implemented to protect the instrument. Diversion: Grounded metallic structures form a "cone of protection" to protect equipment and cabling. Attenuation: Judicious wiring practices, such as metallic raceways, cable shields, twisted pairs, and extensive grounding and earthing reduce the magnitude of transients. Suppression: Add-on devices limit the magnitude of the transient appearing at the instrument. Grounding: Technicians should wear grounded wrist straps. Simply touching an equipment frame drains existing charges, but it does not drain regenerative charges. Subsequent movement by a technician quickly regenerates static charge. Education: Persons who handle electronic equipment should be educated about the damage cause by static charges.
Static Shielding: Use true static shielding bags with a highly conducting layer to prevent static build-up inside the bag and provide a shield to the external static voltage field. Humidity: High humidity reduces static levels but does not completely eliminate static. Nevertheless, pressure measurement involving wet legs or capillary seals are still significantly affected by process/ambient temperature variations. Particularly on wet legs, temperature variations may significantly affect the density of the impulse line liquid which leads to an increase/decrease of the liquid head pressure sensed by the instrument. If this variation is not compensated, a significant measurement error is induced (Called temperature induced density effect error). On DP measurement applications, the seal effect is usually compensated by having the same length of capillaries for for both HP and LP ports of the instrument (Balanced design).
Specify close-coupled pressure transmitters: the instrument is in this case mounted very close to the tapping point as shown below. This arrangement reduces dramatically the volume between the instrument and the tapping point which therefore reduces the errors due to liquid density change. Electronic Remote transmitters (Level and DP Measurement): This solution relies on instrument close-coupling principle. It is generally used for level and DP measurement and can be considered as a better alternative to capillary seals as it eliminates temperature induced density effect and Seal effect errors associated with capillary seals. The idea is to use an electronic pressure transmitter on each pressure tapping (HP and LP) and ensure that one of the transmitters receives the measurement from the other instrument and computes, transmits and displays the measured DP or Level.
Exposure of an electronic pressure transmitter to excessively high ambient or process temperatures can impair the instrument operation, affect its performance or even lead to a partial or total failure of the instrument. Many pressure transmitters available on the market are capable of withstanding the most extreme ambient temperatures on earth. However, it is important to consider cases where the instrument will be installed near or within heat sources such as boilers, burners, ovens, Etc. where ambient temperatures can go beyond the instrument capability. Using sufficient lengths of impulse line to reduce the process fluid temperature. Using capillary seals to isolate the pressure transmitter from the excessively hot process fluid. Ensure that the instrument LCD Display can withstand the instrument body temperature as LCD displays usually limit the process temperature range of the instrument.
In Oil and Gas facilities, instruments are exposed to different process fluids and temperature/pressure conditions which make them prone to different types of corrosion mechanisms. A conservative assessment of the corrosion mechanisms which can take place during operation. To avoid/reduce galvanic corrosion, the instrument material selection should be compatible with the pipe/vessel material. For more details, here is a very comprehensive article from Emerson which covers this important topic. Selecting pressure instruments with inadequate measurement ranges happens when process conditions are not properly defined/ forecast during the design stage. In certain applications such as oil and gas wells, process conditions can significantly drift after a certain period of time beyond the instrument capability. In such cases, the actual process pressure might either go out of the instrument range or reaches levels where a satisfactory measurement accuracy cannot be achieved.
Therefore, process conditions shall be carefully defined/evaluated by the process engineers for the expected life span of the facility particularly for processes where a significant process condition changes are expected. Consider a staged approach: A suitable instrument is selected and installed to cover the measurement range expected for a limited period of time. This instrument will have to be replaced with a suitable instrument at a certain point where process conditions change beyond the instrument capability.objectivebooks.com Occasional, intermittent or continuous overpressure and vacuum conditions can damage the instrument sensing element (diaphragm generally) if the instrument cannot withstand such conditions. Additionally and beyond a certain point, overpressure/vacuum conditions can lead to process leaks or reduce/impair the pressure containment capability of the instrument which in turn can have implications on personnel safety and environment. Overpressure/vacuum can occur during equipment/process start-up or at during a process shut-down (closure of a valve for example).
Overpressure/ vacuum conditions can also occur during equipment/system overhauls which may involve hydro testing, leak testing and vacuum cleaning. It is important to identify the existence of such scenarios and evaluate the expected overpressure/vacuum conditions. The best approach is certainly to select pressure instruments which inherently withstand the expected overpressure/vacuum conditions but for certain applications accessories such as overpressure/vacuum protectors, snubber, syphon and needle valves could be specified. For hydro testing, leak testing and vacuum cleaning of equipment/systems, isolation or temporary removal of pressure instruments should be clearly stated on procedures/forms and communicated to the execution team to avoid damaging pressure instruments during those operations. That was my list of the worst issues affecting pressure transmitters and which I personally like to keep in mind whenever I have to select or troubleshoot a pressure instrument. I would love to hear your suggestions. Have you faced issues other than the ones discussed in this post? Please share your thoughts in the comment section. I really hope that you will find this list useful. If you do, follow me for more insights about field instrumentation in the oil and gas industry.
Fire fighting equipment like Face Hood , Fire Fighting Skid, Fire Cabinets, Fire Sprinklers, Fire Cabinets etc. protects people and businesses during fire accidents. It keeps people safe wherever they live and work. Regular inspection and servicing of the equipment meant for the safety of the occupants to the relevant standards is very crucial. Daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly and annual inspections are done to ensure the equipment’s functionality, and maintain all other aspects of fire safety management. Firefighter Face Hood are critical to protecting the head-neck interface area. Trained personnel need to involve in the checking of fire fighting equipment, which is usually provided by the installer, or the installer’s agent, or even by a servicing organization.
The Standard plan provides regular round-the-clock maintenance and call-out services. The Standard Plus plan, in addition to the services provided in the Standard plan comprises initial service of new fire safety equipment, its disposal, and charges of minor parts and refills. The comprehensive plan covers all the engineers, attendance charges, and services of the Standard Plus plan. However, the charges are not covered in the case of the equipment being damaged by users, or third parties, or natural calamities. Replacement of all major parts is chargeable under all the plans. A yearly basic service is done for the maintenance of fire fighting equipment.
Safety clip and indicating devices are inspected to find out whether the fire extinguisher has been operated. Pressure indicating devices on stored pressure extinguishers are checked to see if the pressure limits are within normal ranges. The body of the fire equipment is examined for corrosion, dents or damage.youtube.com The hose, horn and nozzle are checked. The equipment is weighed for loss of contents. Operating instructions are verified for accuracy and legibility. Gas cartridges in appropriate extinguishers are inspected. An extended service includes the basic service and the discharge test. The fire fighting equipment is discharged under controlled conditions to test its working efficacy.
Its internal body is examined for corrosion or lining damage. If it is in a good condition, then it is refilled, recharged and returned to service. The extended service is done once in five years for water, foam and powder based extinguishers, and once in ten years for primary seal powder extinguishers. An overhaul service interval for CO2 extinguishers is ten years. The maintenance record of the service should be affixed to the fire fighting equipment. The basic requirement in any premises is the presence of a fire fighting equipment in a good operating condition. The regular maintenance checks with a suitable plan are highly essential. EMIRATES FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT FACTORY LLC. Visit this website for more information on Fire Ambulances & Fire Extinguishers .
Before you ever set foot in a recording studio you should make sure you are, without doubt, going to produce the best song ever. 1. Balance. Your instrumentation needs to be balanced with an even amount of ranges between low and high. 2. Harmonies. You need good support as far as the melody of your song is concerned. Without the correct harmonies, or other sounds to the melody, your song will appear to have a piece of the puzzle missing. 3. Musical Arrangement. Based around the ability to sort out the instrumentation in the song, the arrangement should not only be balanced but should incorporate contrasts and similarities, with the music expressing what you are trying to say.
The use of basic theory concepts can assist you with this. 4.controllinks.com Spacing. This is far more important than harmonies and tunes. You do not want to rush through your song but by the same token you do not want to take too much time either. Make sure you keep your song moving correctly by giving some breaks with the melodies and changing up the harmonies to keep things interesting to the listener. 5. Tempo. Make sure your tempos are distinct so they can be followed without a beat being missed. 6. Form. The simplest way for a listener to appreciate your song from the start is to ensure you have the right form.
If you are focused on lyrics, use this as your hook during the chorus. When experimenting with form, make sure there is a particular part of the music which returns to the original to keep the appreciation of the listener thus enabling them to relate to the music. 7.youtube.com Variety. Variety is regularly overlooked when arranging a song. Even though you are repeating choruses or verses, some different instrumentation is needed in your recording.youtube.com 8.youtube.com Movement. The movement of the song lies far beyond the tempo and into the added extras of a recording. This is important as it is likely to make or break your song. Louds and softs, ornamentation and other add ons will help to steer the song in the right direction.
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