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There was also the disadvantages of low literacy skills, financial handicap, vtr.org.vn language barriers, lack of transport, tour phượng hoàng cổ trấn not knowing where to seek help, tour phượng hoàng cổ trấn and poor tour phượng hoàng cổ trấn health knowledge [31].
These findings parallel the narratives of respondents in this study and highlight the barriers for resettled refugees that can hinder acculturation. Not being physiologically and behaviourally acclimatised to the local climatic conditions can influence risk [25,32] and can be a factor in heat-related deaths in Australia [33].

Immigrants of different skin colours and pre-migration climatic experiences commented on the different type of heat in Australia. However, this was not the case in Sydney, where humidity is higher during the summer months [34]. Migration elated factors can influence tolerance and adaptation to extreme heat and it is understandable that newly arrived migra.Descriptor in these terms.
This study draws on previous research in Adelaide recognising a need to investigate potential heat-susceptibility in non-Australian born residents [20,21] given the paucity of current literature on this topic [22]. It also builds on international evidence that points to a disparity in the risk of heat-related illness in people of different ethnic/racial backgrounds [10,23-26].

Findings have identified a range of multi-factorial issues that may hamper some migrants and refugees in adapting to periods of very high to extreme summer temperatures in Australia. These relate to cultural factors including wearing garments more suited to cool weather, not drinking enough water, and unfamiliarity with certain aspects of Australian culture including the use of sunscreen. Health issues, socioeconomic disadvantage and poor quality rental accommodation for low income migrants, social isolation, language and literacy barriers limiting access to heat health warning messages, and lack of acclimatisation to the `different' heat in south-eastern Australia can also impact on the potential risk of harm during heat extremes.

The vulnerable individuals in CALD communities were often identified as older people, new arrivals (i.e. who settled in Australia within the last 5 years), and people in new and emerging communities. Older people in general can have declining physical and mental health that can increase heat-susceptibility.
However, they generally do not consider themselves to be at risk [27] and are reluctant to using cooling systems [21]. Older people in new and emerging communities may be doubly at risk, particularly if they lack English proficiency skills which can add to isolation and limit access to harm minimisation information. This is mirrored by other studies reporting that ethnic minority language groups can be vulnerable to extreme heat because of exclusion from access to English-based reports and heat information [28,29].

As a consequence there can be a lower uptake of adaptive behaviour messages [23]. Language barriers not only apply to the recently arrived but also the ageing post-war European migrants who can become nostalgic later in life and revert to their primary culture and language, as described by Schmid and Keijzer [30].
Stakeholders mentioned a range of physical and psychological conditions affecting humanitarian entrantsand older migrants. In a Sydney study of access to health care for recently arrived refugee families, it was found that few owned a house or car, nearly all were unemployed, and most did not have functional English language skills [31].

There was also the disadvantages of low literacy skills, financial handicap, language barriers, lack of transport, not knowing where to seek help, and poor health knowledge [31].