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the heat. The newly-arrived are in rental properties and often at the lower end of the market tooHaving poor English proficiency can be a barrier during hot weather, and can increase vulnerability and isolation in people unable to access services, receive information or communicate to others.

Language barriers can exist not only for new migrants of non-English speaking backgrounds, but also, as reported by respondents, longstanding elderly migrants who may revert to their first language and culture due to age-related neuro-cognitive conditions. Many older migrants who arrived post World War II, and recent humanitarian entrants, have had minimal if any, tour đài loan giá rẻ schooling and cannot read well even in their native language.

These low literacy levels can also affect the transfer of information, the uptake of heat-health messages and the ability to read safety signs (e.g. at the beach), as mentioned by one respondent. A service manager in Sydney explained that older people in new and emerging communities find it particularly difficult to learn English.

Similarly, an Adelaide respondent said this can lead to limited verbal communication as younger family members who were born and raised in refugee camps often do not speak the traditional dialects of their elders. Furthermore, a refugee family in Melbourne said that being unable to understand vtr.org.vn the language was a "real barrier" to being able to access information about extreme heat.

Additionally, language barriers can hamper access to health care:Hansen et al. BMC Public Health 2014, 14:550 website 9 of"If I don't speak English ... for example I had someone sick at home - so even if I find a place to help I don't know how to say it how to describe it, what I need." Community Worker, SydneyIsolation and du lịch đài loan từ hà nội transport issueswere also vulnerable.

Most often mentioned however, were the newly arrived, low SES migrants and refugees in new and emerging communities and who are not acclimatised to the conditions, and older people in migrant communities, especially those who lack English proficiency, as highlighted by these extracts: "The older ones are particularly vulnerable because of the language and other cultural issues and ... - there is an attitude of: we are going to stick it out and cope with it." Program Coordinator, tour đài loan giá rẻ Melbourne "So I would suggest that the newly-arrived because they don't understand this environment, ... they are at a loss about how to cool themselves." Program Coordinator, Sydney There are some similarities in risk factors for these two groups as shown in Table 3 which summarises some of the points previously mentioned.

Although some respondents stressed the importance of the issue and concerns for their community members in the heat, others thought that in the context of the complexity of issues facing those in the mid.Ourne where a lower proportion of homes have air conditioning.
A program coordinator said that people once thought they could cope with the heat but now "because of the changing weather and more hot days, people are installing air-conditioning." A manager from Sydney said that central air conditioning should be standard in Australian homes as central heating is in Europe.

Another respondent spoke of housing issues for two main groups - older people and new arrivals: "What we have got is - the two different groups who are impacted, the older people are often in old houses that don't have insulation and ...